Journal title
عنوان نشریه
Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences
Medical Sciences
http://jms.thums.ac.ir
1
admin
2716-9669
2716-9669
doi
fa
jalali
1392
10
1
gregorian
2014
1
1
1
4
online
1
fulltext
fa
تأثیر آموزش بر اساس تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده بر میزان و نحوه نظارت والدین بر تماشای تلویزیون دانش آموزان
The Impact of Education on the Basis of the Theory of Planned Behavior on the Level and Method of Supervision of Their Parents on Watching Television by Students
تخصصي
Special
پژوهشي
Research
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt line-height: normal direction: rtl unicode-bidi: embed"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'">زمینه و هدف:</span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'"> در حال حاضر تلویزیون یک رسانه مورد استفاده همه افراد
خانواده بخصوص کودکان است. استفاده بیش از حد و کنترل نشده کودکان از تلویزیون،
آنان را در معرض خطراتی همچون اختلالات تکاملی، اجتماعی و روانی قرار می دهد. با
توجه به اینکه والدین مهمترین نقش را در تربیت و کنترل عوامل مؤثر بر ارتقای سلامت
کودکانشان دارا می باشند، لذا این پژوهش با هدف تعیین تأثیر آموزش بر اساس تئوری
رفتار برنامه ریزی شده به والدین بر میزان و نحوه نظارت والدین برتماشای تلویزیون
در کودکان دانش آموز آن ها در سال1390 طراحی واجرا شد.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif"><o:p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt line-height: normal direction: rtl unicode-bidi: embed"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'">روش:</span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'">این مطالعه نیمه تجربی با شرکت 120 تن از
والدین دانش آموزان پایه اول و پنجم ابتدایی شهر گناباد که در دو گروه مداخله و کنترل
قرار گرفتند انجام شد. اطلاعات دموگرافیک و داده های مرتبط با سازه های تئوری
رفتار برنامه ریزی شده، آگاهی و عملکرد والدین و میزان ساعت تماشای تلویزیون توسط
کودکان با استفاده از پرسشنامه خود گزارشی در شروع و یک ماه بعد از مداخله جمع
آوری شد. نسبت روایی محتوا (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">CVR</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'"><span dir="RTL"></span>)، شاخص روایی
محتوا (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">CVI</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'"><span dir="RTL"></span>)، پانل خبرگان و ضریب آلفای کرونباخ
برای روانسنجی پرسشنامه به کار رفتند. مداخله آموزشی به همراه کتابچه آموزشی
"کودک و تلویزیون" در قالب 3 جلسه 60-45 دقیقه ای برای والدین دانش
آموزان گروه مداخله در چهار گروه 15 نفری به شیوه ی بحث گروهی با تمرکز بر سازه
های تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده اجرا شد. سپس داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">SPSS20</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'"><span dir="RTL"></span> و آزمون های آماری</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'">مجذور کای، آزمون </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">Paired T-test</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'"><span dir="RTL"></span> ، آزمون تی مستقل، آزمون من ویتنی و
ویلکاکسون تجزیه و تحلیل شدند و (05/0></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">P</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'"><span dir="RTL"></span>) به عنوان سطح
معنی داری در نظر گرفته شد.<b><o:p /></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt line-height: normal direction: rtl unicode-bidi: embed"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'">یافته ها:</span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'">قبل از مداخله آموزشی بین دو گروه از نظر
متغیرهای دموگرافیک، میانگین ساعات تماشای تلویزیون توسط کودکان، نمره آگاهی
والدین و میانگین امتیاز سازه های تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده تفاوت معنی داری
وجود نداشت، اما در گروه مداخله پس از آموزش، تغییر معنی دار در میانگین ساعات
تماشای تلویزیون در کودکان آنها(از 02/2</span><a name="OLE_LINK10"></a><a name="OLE_LINK9"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">±</span></a><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'">74/6 به 40/2</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">±</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'">28/4) (039/0=</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">P</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'"><span dir="RTL"></span>)، نمره آگاهی (از
1/2</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">±</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'">8/5 به 9/1</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">±</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'">7/7) (001/0=</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">P</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'"><span dir="RTL"></span>)، امتیاز سازه های
نگرش (از 5/11</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">±</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'">5/35 به 9/8</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">±</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'">4/48) (003/0=</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">P</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'"><span dir="RTL"></span>)، هنجار انتزاعی
(از 1/8</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">±</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'">8/11 به 6/8</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">±</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'">5/24) (001/0></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">P</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'"><span dir="RTL"></span>) و قصد رفتاری (از
4/7</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">±</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'">6/18 به 1/5</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">±</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'">8/31) (001/0></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">P</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'"><span dir="RTL"></span>) مشاهده گردید ولی
تغییرات معنی داری در متغیرهای مذکور در گروه کنترل مشاهده نشد.<o:p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl unicode-bidi: embed">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt line-height: normal direction: rtl unicode-bidi: embed"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'">نتیجه گیری:</span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'B Mitra'">نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد که مداخله
آموزشی بر مبنای سازه های تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده قادر است آگاهی، نگرش،
هنجار انتزاعی و قصد رفتاری والدین را در کنترل و نظارت آنان بر تماشای تلویزیون
فرزندانشان تغییر داده و موجب بهبود عملکرد نظارتی والدین و کاهش ساعات تماشای
تلویزیون کودکان آنها گردد. استفاده از این الگوی آموزشی برای اصلاح شیوه های
تربیتی والدین در مورد سایر مشکلات رفتاری کودکان توصیه می شود.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12pt font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif"><o:p /></span></p>
<!--stripped--><b><span style="font-size: 12pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">Background and Aim:</span></b><span class="hps"> </span><span class="hps"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)"> </span></b></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">Currently TV is a medium used by all family members</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)"> and especially <span class="hps">children</span>. <span class="hps">Excessive an dun controlled use of television by children </span>expose
them to some risks <span class="hps">such developmental,</span> social <span class="hps">and psychological disorders</span>. With regard to <span class="hps">the
important role of parents in their children's education and control</span> of
effective <span class="hps">parameters on their children’s health promotion</span>,
<span class="hps">this study aimed to determine the impact of education on the
basis of the theory of planned behavior</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">
on the level <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">and</span> method of <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">supervision of their parents</span> on <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">watching television by students in 2012.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif"><o:p /></span></p><!--stripped--><b><span style="font-size: 12pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif">Material and Methods:</span></b><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% background-color: white background-position: initial initial background-repeat: initial initial"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">This quasi-experimental
study was performed on 120 parents of students of</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)"> the </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">first
grade and the fifth grade of primary schools in Gonabad who were randomly
assigned into </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">two </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">interventional and control groups</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">. </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">Demographic
and research information related to theory structures of planned behavior</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">knowledge
and </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">parents
function and </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">hours of
television watch in gby children were collected by using</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)"> a </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">self-report
question nairesat</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">
the time of </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">intervention
and one month later</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">. </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">Content Validity Ratio (CVR), Content Validity Index (CVI),panel
of experts and its reliability for psychometric questionnaires were taken into
account</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">.</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)"> Intervention was implemented with a teaching manual </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">“children </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">and
television"in</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">three</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">45-60minute</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">sessions</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">for
parents of students in the intervention group in four groups of 15 people using
group discussion focused on the theory structural of planned behavior. The</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)"> data were analyzed using<span class="hps">SPSS-20softwareand
Paired T-test, Independent T- test, Mann-Whitney, Wilcox on statistical tests</span><span class="longtext">.</span></span><span lang="FA" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif"><o:p /></span></p><!--stripped--><span class="hps"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">Results:</span></b></span><span class="hps"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)"> </span></b></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">Before the intervention, </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">there was no </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">significant difference between the two groups in terms of
demographic variables</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">,
the average </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">hours of</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)"> watching </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">television
by children</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">parents knowledge score and the mean of theory structures of
planned behavior score</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">. </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">But after
the intervention</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">significant differences in the average hours</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)"> of </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">watching
television</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)"> by </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">children(</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">from 6.74</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">±2.02 to 4.28±2.40) (P=0.039),knowledge score(</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">from </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">5.8±2.1to7.7±1.9)
(P= 0.001),attitude structure scores(</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">from 35.5</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">±11.5to</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">48.4</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">±8.9)
(P=0.003),subjective e norm(</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">from </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)"></span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)"> 11.8±8.1 to24.5±8.6) (P</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="FA" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif"><span dir="RTL"></span>></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)"><span dir="LTR"></span>0.001)and behavioral intention(</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">from</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">18.6±7.4 to31.8±5.1) (P=0.001)</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">were</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)"> observed</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)"> but </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">no
significant changes in the sevariables were observed in the control group</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">.</span></span><span lang="FA" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif"><o:p /></span></p><!--stripped-->
</p><!--stripped--><span class="hps"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">Conclusion:</span></b></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif color: rgb(51, 51, 51)">The result ssuggest that the educational intervention based on
the theory structure of planned behavior can change knowledge, attitude,
subjective norm, and behavioral intention of their parents in monitoring and
controlling their children's television watching and improve the parents
monitoring performance and can result in reducing watching television by their
children. Using this teaching models recommended to improve parenting practices
on other behavioral problems in children.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt line-height: 115% font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif"><o:p /></span></p>
میزان تماشای تلویزیون, تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده, نظارت والدین, آموزش, دانش آموزان ابتدایی
Watching TV Level, Theory of Planned Behavior, Parental Supervision, Education, Primary School Students
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17
http://jms.thums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-41-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1
A
Delshad Noghabi
علی
دلشاد نوقابی
ali_delshad2000@yahoo.com
1003194753284600997
1003194753284600997
No
تهران
F
darabi
فاطمه
دارابی
fatemedarabi43@yahoo.com
1003194753284600998
1003194753284600998
Yes
M
Moshki
مهدی
مشکی
ali_delshad2000@yahoo.com
1003194753284600999
1003194753284600999
No