Volume 12, Issue 4 (2-2025)                   jmsthums 2025, 12(4): 52-66 | Back to browse issues page

XML Persian Abstract Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

H Y, H K, M D G, A K A. Risk assessment of diazinon, Malathion and Faikam pesticides in the drinking water of Nikshahr and Iranshahr cities. jmsthums 2025; 12 (4) :52-66
URL: http://jms.thums.ac.ir/article-1-1340-en.html
1- Department of Environmental Management, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran
2- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
3- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran
Abstract:   (150 Views)
Background & Aim: The advancement of agriculture and the widespread utilization of pesticides have resulted in their prolonged presence in the environment and the pollution of water sources. In light of the importance of safeguarding drinking water sources, this study was conducted to evaluate the potential risk of diazinon, malathion, and Faikam pesticides in the drinking water in Iranshahr and Nikshahr, two cities situated in the southern region of Sistan and Baluchestan province.
Methods: In this study, 24 water samples were collected from water sources in the cities of Iranshahr and Nikshahr across four seasons. The samples were extracted using the liquid-liquid extraction method with dichloromethane as the solvent. The concentration of the samples was measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system (model KNAUER) equipped with a UV detector. Then, data were compared to the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO), and a health risk assessment was conducted using the method recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Results: The study revealed that diazinon and malathion pesticides were present in the drinking water of the studied areas under investigation, while Faikam was not detected. The highest average concentrations of diazinon and malathion in these two cities were found in Nikshahr, at 0.0358 ± 0.32 and 0.025 ± 0.0184 μg/L, respectively. These levels were significantly lower than the World Health Organization’s standard.
Conclusion: The hazard quotient (HQ) for diazinon is higher for children than for adults, with values of 0.076 and 0.039 obtained in Nikshahr and Iranshahr, respectively. This suggests that the drinking water in these two cities is currently at a safe level. However, in order to maintain this safety, it is important to take preventive measures and management of water resources effectively. Implementation of a water safety plan is also necessary.
Full-Text [PDF 455 kb]   (96 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Research | Subject: Special
Received: 2024/09/12 | Accepted: 2025/01/7 | Published: 2025/03/15

References
1. Lanjwani MF, Khuhawar MY, Jahangir Khuhawar TM, Lanjwani AH, Jagirani MS, Kori AH, et al. Risk assessment of heavy metals and salts for human and irrigation consumption of groundwater in Qambar city: a case study. Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes. 2020;4(1):23-39. [DOI:10.1080/24749508.2019.1571670]
2. Quan Q, Gao S, Shang Y, Wang B. Assessment of the sustainability of Gymnocypris eckloni habitat under river damming in the source region of the Yellow River. Science of the Total Environment. 2021;778:146312. [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146312]
3. Syafrudin M, Kristanti RA, Yuniarto A, Hadibarata T, Rhee J, Al-Onazi WA, et al. Pesticides in drinking water-a review. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021;18(2):468. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph18020468]
4. Alengebawy A, Abdelkhalek ST, Qureshi SR, Wang M-Q. Heavy metals and pesticides toxicity in agricultural soil and plants: Ecological risks and human health implications. Toxics. 2021;9(3):42. [DOI:10.3390/toxics9030042]
5. Tudi M, Daniel Ruan H, Wang L, Lyu J, Sadler R, Connell D, et al. Agriculture development, pesticide application and its impact on the environment. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021;18(3):1112. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph18031112]
6. Pradhan SS, Gowda GB, Adak T, Guru-Pirasanna-Pandi G, Patil NB, Annamalai M, et al. Pesticides occurrence in water sources and decontamination techniques. Pesticides-Updates on Toxicity, Efficacy and Risk Assessment: IntechOpen; 2022.
7. Gill HK, Garg H. Pesticide: environmental impacts and management strategies. Pesticides-toxic aspects. 2014;8(187):10-5772.
8. Fernandez-Cornejo J, Nehring RF, Osteen C, Wechsler S, Martin A, Vialou A. Pesticide use in US agriculture: 21 selected crops, 1960-2008. USDA-ERS Economic Information Bulletin. 2014(124). [DOI:10.2139/ssrn.2502986]
9. Mdeni NL, Adeniji AO, Okoh AI, Okoh OO. Analytical evaluation of carbamate and organophosphate pesticides in human and environmental matrices: a review. Molecules. 2022;27(3):618. [DOI:10.3390/molecules27030618]
10. Mohammadizadeh C, Javanmard A. Some Organophosphorous Pesticide (OPPs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) along the Eastern Caspian Sea Coast, Mazandaran State, Iran. E-Journal of Science & Technology. 2011;6:85-92.
11. Abubakar Y, Tijjani H, Egbuna C, Adetunji CO, Kala S, Kryeziu TL, et al. Pesticides, history, and classification. Natural remedies for pest, disease and weed control: Elsevier; 2020. p. 29-42. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-819304-4.00003-8]
12. Palma P, Köck-Schulmeyer M, Alvarenga P, Ledo L, Barbosa I, De Alda ML, et al. Risk assessment of pesticides detected in surface water of the Alqueva reservoir (Guadiana basin, southern of Portugal). 2014;488:208-19. [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.088]
13. Van Toan P, Sebesvari Z, Bläsing M, Rosendahl I, Renaud FGJSotTE. Pesticide management and their residues in sediments and surface and drinking water in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. 2013;452:28-39. [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.026]
14. Morteza Z, Mousavi SB, Baghestani MA, Aitio AJJoEHS, Engineering. An assessment of agricultural pesticide use in Iran, 2012-2014. 2017;15:1-8. [DOI:10.1186/s40201-017-0272-4]
15. Aggarwal V, Deng X, Tuli A, Goh KS. Diazinon-chemistry and environmental fate: a California perspective. Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology Volume 223. 2013:107-40. [DOI:10.1007/978-1-4614-5577-6_5]
16. Burgess P, Harper C, Todd GD, Wohlers D. Toxicological profile for diazinon. 2008.
17. KHODADADI M, Samadi M, RAHMANI AR, Maleki R, ALAH RA, Shahidi R. DETERMINATION OF ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS AND CARBAMAT PESTICIDES RESIDUE IN DRINKINGWATER RESOURCES OF HAMADAN IN 2007. 2010.
18. PIRSAHEB M, DARGAHI A. Performance of granular activated carbon to diazinon removal from aqueous solutions. 2016.
19. Das BK, Nayak KK, Kumar V. Alteration of haematological and biochemical biomarkers after sub-lethal chronic malathion (Elathion®) intoxication in freshwater fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology. 2024;277:109844. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109844]
20. Liu X, Song Q, Tang Y, Li W, Xu J, Wu J, et al. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil-vegetable system: a multi-medium analysis. Science of the total environment. 2013;463:530-40. [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.064]
21. Abolli S, Yaghmaeian K, Arab Aradani A, Alimohammadi M. Comparing groundwater fluoride level with WHO guidelines and classifying at-risk age groups; based on health risk assessment. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2023;103(4):747-60. [DOI:10.1080/03067319.2020.1863389]
22. Samet JM, Chiu WA, Cogliano V, Jinot J, Kriebel D, Lunn RM, et al. The IARC monographs: updated procedures for modern and transparent evidence synthesis in cancer hazard identification. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2020;112(1):30-7. [DOI:10.1093/jnci/djz169]
23. Ebrahimzadeh G, Alimohammadi M, Rezaei Kahkha MR, Mahvi AH. Contamination level and human non-carcinogenic risk assessment of diazinon pesticide residue in drinking water resources-a case study, IRAN. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2022;102(16):4726-37. [DOI:10.1080/03067319.2020.1789609]
24. Biesiada M. Simulations in health risk assessment. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 2001;14(4):397-402.
25. Giri S, Singh AK, Mahato MK. Monte Carlo simulation-based probabilistic health risk assessment of metals in groundwater via ingestion pathway in the mining areas of Singhbhum copper belt, India. International journal of environmental health research. 2020;30(4):447-60. [DOI:10.1080/09603123.2019.1599101]
26. Ying G-G, Williams BJEp. Laboratory study on the interaction between herbicides and sediments in water systems. 2000;107(3):399-405. [DOI:10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00178-5]
27. Moghiseh Z, Najafpoor AA, Khayyat MH, Esmaily H, Alidadi HJAoHSV. Estimation of the concentration of diazinon pesticide in drinking water resources in summer areas of Mashhad. 2015;4(1).
28. Martı́nez RC, Gonzalo ERg, Laespada MEF, San Roman FJSJJoCA. Evaluation of surface-and ground-water pollution due to herbicides in agricultural areas of Zamora and Salamanca (Spain). 2000;869(1-2):471-80. [DOI:10.1016/S0021-9673(99)01188-7]
29. Ebrahimpour K, Ebrahimi A, Baram MM. Investigating the Residue of Diazinon, Chlorpyrifos, and Dichlorvos in Urban Drinking Water Supply Sources and Determining the Water Quality Index in Tirano-Korun in 2020. Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development. 202330. Moghiseh Z, Najafpoor AA, Khayyat MH, Esmaily H, Alidadi H. Estimation of the concentration of diazinon pesticide in drinking water resources in summer areas of Mashhad. Archives of Hygiene Sciences Volume. 2015;4(1).

Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA

Send email to the article author


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb